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Education in Britain can be traced back to Roman times, but it was not until Victorian times that provision was made in England and Wales for every child to have an elementary school place, whatever their background.After new buildings were constructed and changes made in educational administration, British schooling saw a revolution. Literacy rates soared, taking over from the limited success of Sunday Schools previously. This colourful and entertaining guide traces the development of schools in Britain in the 19th century, from the initial religious intervention in education to state intervention later on.What was a pupils day like in a Victorian school? How did teachers discipline children? Was schooling different for girls? Learn all about the school day, public schools and even the buildings children attended in this guide filled with contemporary photographs of students, teachers and their lives.Look out for more Pitking guides on social history and heritage, and the Life in series this title is a part of.

Manchester United is acknowledged as the biggest club in the world with the largest number of fans, one of the best known stadiums in Old Trafford, and a roster of legendary players that includes four of the greatest of all time in George Best, Sir Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and Cristiano Ronaldo. It also had the greatest British manager of all time in Sir Alex Ferguson whose tally of 38 trophies included 13 Premier League titles and two Champions League crowns.This fully-illustrated A to Z includes all the great players from Duncan Edwards and the Busby Babes through to Ryan Giggs, the clubs longest serving player, and Wayne Rooney, the all-time leading scorer and the only player to have scored 250 goals for the Reds. The book also recalls the tragedy of the Munich air disaster in which 23 people lost their lives including eight first team players and the triumphs of the clubs first European Cup win at Wembley in 1968 and the Treble of 1999 in which they won the Premier League, the FA Cup and the Champions League.

The legendary players, managers, matches and moments that have shaped the history of one of the biggest football clubs in the world are listed in a fascinating A to Z format. From Azpilicueta to Zola, from Abramovich to Wilkins, each legend has their own entry and pictures that have been updated for the 2020/21 season.The fully illustrated book also contains facts and figures of all the clubs league positions, greatest goal scorers, players of the year, most appearances, famous supporters and a Greatest Ever XI as chosen by the fans.The facts and figures include Chelseas performances in the FA Cup and Champions League in 2021, as well as the teams qualification for Europe next season after making it to the final against Manchester City this year.

Since their fairy-tale wedding in 2011 and the announcement in December 2012 that William and Catherine, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, were expecting their first child, the British have taken the young couple into their hearts. The first decades of the 21st century have seen a surge of pride for our Royal Family as never before and the birth of HRH Prince George of Cambridge, our future king, has been greeted with genuine joy. This celebratory and beautifully illustrated guide not only commemorates this Royal birth but looks at the history of children of the monarchy from Queen Elizabeth II to her great-grandchildren. Age-old customs, ceremonies, christenings, toys and pastimes, nannies, nurseries and the Royal line of succession are also explored, presenting an illuminating portrait of Royal children through the ages.

Most chess games are not won they are lost. Many instructional chess books tell you how to improve a position when it is already (or may be) favourable. This book offers help when you definitely do not have the advantage. Every chess player needs a sound arsenal of defensive techniques. This book covers them all counterplay, when to accept sacrifices, how to anticipate short- and long-term threats, and how to minimise losses. It also helps you create a strong underlying psychological framework for defensive technique it teaches you how to stay cool under fire, how to stonewall and how to exploit your opponents weaknesses.

Charles Rennie Mackintosh was an innovator.He is undoubtedly one of Scotlands most celebrated architects. His astounding buildings creatively reinterpreted the past and opened the way for the Modern Movement. Architecture was his first love, though he was also a highly accomplished artist and designer of interiors, furniture, metalwork, glass and textiles. In addition his graphic design work, using nature and organic plant forms, made him an early exponent of Symbolism and Art Nouveau. In the later years of his life he produced watercolour paintings of intense power and subtlety. His extraordinary work is still regarded today as innovative and modern, and continues to astonish and delight art lovers everywhere.

This multi-language lace book provides the enthusiast with a collection of 75 quick and easy bobbin lace patterns. The (mainly) small designs are worked in a range of styles: Bruges Flower, Schneeberg, Russian Tape and Free, plus Torchon, Honiton and Bedfordshire The patterns assume a certain level of skill but each one is graded according to experience and ability (beginner, practitioner and advanced). They include: Baby bear, circles, parasol, swans, Russian lace sampler, tortoise, wedding garter, frame, seashore edge, fleur de lys mat, summer daisies, wedding handkerchief, dolphins, lily bud, square mat.

A comprehensive study book for players who would like to cultivate a reliable yet initiative-seeking opening repertoire as White, based on the opening moves 1 d4 followed by 2 c4. Specific main lines and side-variations are given to combat Blacks possible choices of the Kings, Queens and Bogoljubow-Indian defences as well as the modern Benoni and Benko Gambit. The author also recommends promising methods against the various Black defences to the Queens Gambit as well as a number of offbeat lines. A practical opening guide for competitive players who prefer to build their games on solid foundations rather than indulge in risky speculation.

"Dr Finlays Casebook" is a delightful collection of episodic stories of Dr Finlay and his life in the fictional Scottish village of Tannochbrae during the inter-war years and based on A.J. Cronins own experiences as a doctor. The BBC went on to dramatise these stories on both television and radio during the 1960s and 70s, with the television adaption drawing weekly audiences of 12 million viewers. The characters were revived by ITV from 1993-96 and were adapted again for BBC radio in 2001 and 2002. This omnibus edition of "Doctor Finlay of Tannochbrae and Adventures of a Black Bag" revive Cronins masterpiece for a contemporary audience - stories which are tragic, funny and wry and which a celebration of Cronins tremendous talent.

Always wanted to play backgammon but havent much time to learn? This handy little eBook will show you how in just 10 minutes Introduces how to arrange the checkers, how to move, scoring and notation, and explains simply and effectively how gameplay works Informative diagrams and quirky illustrations help the information stick The classic board game backgammon has been called the perfect combination of skill and luck. It may look complicated on first glance, but this absorbing, fun game really couldnt be simpler. This helpful, portable eBook gives you all the information you need to go off and play your first game. In clear, easy-to-follow text, backed up with helpful board diagrams and illustrations, the author shows you around the board, explains how to set up your checkers, the basics of running, blocking and hitting, and an impressive array of handy tips and hints to help you win the game. It also covers how backgammon notation works, how to score and the best places to play backgammon online. Armed with the information in this book, youll become an expert backgammon player - in super- quick time!

For centuries it was far more efficient to move goods by water than by road. The end of the 18th century saw 2,000 miles of canal built in Britain: the Canal Age had begun.Constructing the canals consisted of a great deal of hard work and manual labour, headlines by individual names but mostly done by tens of thousands of men across Britain called navvies. Initially much like carting on roads, boating on canals grew as canal systems expanded across the country, but still required long hours, hard work and specific skills.This detailed and informative guide tells the story of the boats and their workers. From the professional leggers who walked boats through tunnels to lock keepers to canal children running ahead of the boats, original photographs and artefacts such as tug tickets and timetables show what life was like on the canal.A classic Pitkin guide to immerse readers in the world of canals in Britain, including a list of museums and heritage centres to provide further insight into the history of the canal network.

One of the longest established, yet still most innovative, introductory chess manuals.Laskers masterwork has already provided a generation of aspiring chess players with an entertaining course in the basics of mastering chess. This edition, edited by John Nunn, is the definitive chess teaching manual. Interactive chess exercises Superb examples by some of the all-time greats Written by a man who played chess at the highest levelLasker takes the reader through an interactive chess adventure. The reward for a correct answer is to proceed to the next concept; otherwise the reader is told why the answer is wrong, and encouraged to try again. All aspects of chess are covered, from the rules of the game through to advanced play.

Its a fact of chess life that if you want to win, you have to put a bit of study in. Every chess player, from near-beginner to experienced tournament player, needs to learn the openings and keep on top of current theory. But studying doesnt have to be dull. This indispensable book contains foolproof ways to help the information go in... and stay in. Acclaimed chess author Andrew Soltis reveals the key techniques: - Why you cant study chess the same way you study school subjects - How to acquire the most important knowledge: intuition - The role of memorizing (its not a bad thing, despite what people say) - How to get the most out of playing over a masters game - Adopting a chess hero as a means of learning - How great players study - Computers as a study tool - How to train someone else

Over 4,000 years of history lie in the seams of British mines, beginning all the way back in the New Stone Age.Large-scale coal mining in Britain developed during the Industrial Revolution, providing energy for industry and transportation in industrial areas from the 18th century to the 1950s. This classic Pitkin guide provides a history of mining in Britain as well as of the hard lives of those who worked in them.Child labour was a normal part of Victorian life, so women and children were found in the dangerous deep pits until 1842, while male miners relied on safety lamps and canaries to avoid mining disasters. Fascinating photographs accompany this guides history of these peoples lives, including their time outside of the mines, their homes and hobbies.Whole villages grew up around mines, with close comradeship and tightly knit mining communities emerging. Here is the story of what that life was like for so many, up until British minings decline in the 19th and 20th centuries.Includes a list of mines, museums and heritage centres to visit.

Master chess psychologist Amatzia Avni outlines a new approach to playing chess be tricksy about your game, bend the rules where possible and always come out on top! Players of all abilities are urged, step-by-step, to unlearn everything theyve learned so far and adopt a fearless attitude to the game. Every tip for bending the rules is included here with comprehensive illustrated games.Includes: The Nature of Tricky Chess: Virgin land Raising the tension to boiling point Coffeehouse chess Not so elementary, my dear Watson Peculiar moves Principled Issues of Tricky Chess: Twists and turns The trap vs blunder dilemma Methods of conducting tricky chess Illustrative Games Assesment and Implementation: Evaluation of tricksy chess Transforming into a tricky chess player

What constituted a secret or a scandal in times gone by? This entertaining title in this new series gives an overview of the times and attitudes to secrets, and what was meant by a scandal. The series uncovers revelations of spies and plots, financial scandals, secrets of the royal bedchambers, dynastic tangles, and the exploits of both villains and so-called saints. Noble lords and ladies sampled the same pleasures and sometimes met the same ghastly fate as common criminals. Enemies of the state plotted and were plotted against, while a horrible fate awaited those found guilty of treason, hanged, drawn and quartered to the jeers of the mob. Assassins lurked in alleys, ghoulish body snatchers opened graves in the dead of night This highly illustrated guide includes places associated with the stories.

Welcome to Kathryn Grays Hollywood or Home, a poetry collection with as much ruthless glamour as any Old Hollywood movie. These worldly-wise poems explore celebrity culture in a mode that is both seriously playful and playfully serious. Here, melancholy and humour, irony and sincerity can be often found in the same poem, creating a rich experience for the film buff or fan of celebrity culture, as the book is full of easter eggs and movie references.Spectres of Hollywood haunt the collection: moguls, politicians, starlets, and monsters. They leap from screen and stage to page, as in Portrait of my Superego as Mommie Dearest: youre / the one swinging the axe, Mommie.Famous actors drop in to entertain, for example in Meryl Streep is my Therapist or Six Ways of Looking at John Cazale, while writers do their best to pitch their best ideas, working hard to convince: Its "relatable". / Its really "relatable" stuff (High-concept).Film memorabilia is explored, likeThe Deer Hunter s bandana, as well as movie-business secrets: the title of As told by Alan Smithee refers to the alter ego that directors use in movie credits when they want to disown their films.Stock characters and plots show up, like the Handome Weeping Boy, and The Meet-Cute, that scene in a romantic comedy where a couple have a first hilarious or cute meeting. Classic 1980s movies like Pretty in Pink andTop Gun make their cameos. Power couples take their place, like Frank Sinatra and Ava Gardner in Night and Day, 1957, and melodrama heightens to Douglas Sirks grand levels in Love. All the stories and characters loom larger than life, and asthe narrator asks, contemplating celebrity Tweets in Fresh Hell,Why cant life be EVERYTHING IN CAPS LIKE CHER?.In decadent celebrity culture, where a star is born every minute and becomes a flop even more quickly, these fierce and funny poems open space for the writer to reassess failures and successes, to overcome writers block, and to remember that we never stop longing for our old dreams to come true. Gray is writing at the top of her game with her much-anticipated second collection. Out of Hollywoods brutal disdain for failure, Gray manages to find spectacle and survival.Grays long-awaited second collection both celebrates and accuses the glamour and imagination of the movies in particular, and of art in general. Whether its Meryl Streep or Ferris Bueller or John Cazale shes writing of, Gray is illuminating, funny, and frequently moving. Underpinning the comedy and satire, though, is a real pain at lifes jolts and times relentlessness: "What happened to the script?", Nick Laird, author of Feel FreeHollywood or Home shines a light on the filmic quality of daily life, reminding us just how thin the membrane between fiction and reality can be. Within its pages we encounter the Mind in various guises: as an invalid from the nineteenth century, a rain-streaked window-pane and (my favourite) a cabinet populated by indescribable figurines. Bristling with energy, humour and kick-ass bravura, at the same time these poems tremble with deeply felt emotion. - Julia Copus, author of Girlhood

Written by bestselling poker author Lou Krieger Tips for every kind of poker situation: at home, online and attournament Covers Texas Hold Em, the worlds most popular type of poker Part of successful bestselling 52 Great Tips seriesA leading poker guru gives you the essential tips to win at Texas Hold Em pokerat any time, whether at home, at a tournament or playing online. Lou Krieger,author of the bestselling Poker Players Bible, covers the basics, such as tips onwhen to fold, when to call, and when to raise, but also gives you insider tips tohelp you raise your game. The advice varies depending on whether you areplaying in a tournament, in a fixed-limit game (as is common in the USA) or in apot- or no-limit game (the kind commonly found in the UK and much of Europe).The tips cover the following categories of games:limit cash gamesno-limit or pot-limit cash gamestips for tournamentstips that work for all gamesspecific online poker-playing tips

The Clearances are well known as one of the darkest periods of Highland history. Over a hundred-year period somewhere in the region of 150,000 people evicted from the land they had worked for generations; many were forced to start new lives overseas. The human cost was enormous, but there were huge consequences for the Highland economy too as the land was put to different uses. This book details the Clearances as they affected the island of Mull the Hebridean hub for the emigrant ships which left for the New World. Peter Macnab discusses the influences which changed crofting in the 18th and 19th centuries, the triggers for migration, the crofter protests, the Napier Commission of 1883 and the introduction of various laws to provide security of tenure. Having been brought up in what likely was the last poorhouse in the Hebrides, where his father was governor, Peter Macnab was able to hear directly the stories and about the cruelties suffered. This makes his book a uniquely fascinating perspective on a complex and significant period of Scottish history.

The first English-language collection from one of Indias most hard-hitting writers, these poems brilliantly exemplify writing as an act of resistance. Militant, satirical, and biting, Kalyani Charal pulls no punches in eviscerating paternalistic - and patriarchal - bourgeois socialists who speak on behalf of others.Writing from lived experience, Charal delineates the bourgeois values that fuel the social machinery of caste oppression, while drawing parallels with social and racial marginalisation around the world. Thus, in her poetry, the specificity of Dalit lives in Bengal, a region which prides itself on its Leftist history and enlightened culture, and whose partition into India and Bangladesh has left a legacy of communal tension, refugees, and statelessness, is at the same time the universality of precarity, marginality and dispossession. Finally, there is space for love - wistful and full-throated, with an attentiveness to the natural world that speaks to her claim that "all Dalit woman writers are eco feminists".