eBooks de Historia de la ciencia, página 20 de 61

La nostra bella scienza e? inutile dissimularlo non e? riuscita ancora a fondersi intimamente con la nostra cultura e a diventarne un elemento essenziale. La scienza si studia piu? o meno largamente in tutte le scuole, ma la nostra cultura rimane ostinatamente filosoco-letteraria. Il fatto e? dovuto, tra laltro, allo stesso progresso scientico che rende la scienza inaccessibile o quasi ai non iniziati e anche, purtroppo, allisolamento in cui si compiacciono, in generale, di chiudersi gli scienziati; alla mancanza, nel campo della storia della scienza, di un critico geniale paragonabile al De Sanctis e soprattutto alla scarsissima simpatia che hanno per la scienza i nostri principali loso, che sono i veri direttori della nostra cultura. Tutte le teorie della scienza da loro sostenute, da quelle che proclamano che la scienza e? tutto a quelle che ammettono che essa e? soltanto qualcosa o qualcosa dinferiore, sono costruite su pochissime nozioni scientiche di cui il filosofo ha appena una vaghissima notizia; e quindi, se hanno la loro importanza per comprendere il pensiero del filosofo, non possono in nessun modo aiutarci a comprendere, ad amare, a fare la scienza. I nostri filosofi fanno con la piu? superba sicurezza la teoria della scienza ma questo non signica minimamente che essi conoscano tutta quanta la scienza; non ne conoscono, e se ne vantano, nemmeno gli elementi.

Toutes nos notions, toute la science, toute la vie pratique elle-même sont fondées sur la représentation que nous nous faisons des aspects successifs des choses. Notre esprit, aidé par nos sens, clas

Cari figli, nipoti, bisnipoti e cosi via, pensando a voi mi sono adoperato per far si che poteste avere un cospicuo conto in banca, una buona dotazione di edifici e di macchinari e tanti oggetti da consumare. Vi lascio anche un po di scorie radioattive che al momento non so bene come gestire, ma che, non ho dubbi, saprete neutralizzare in futuro. Pensate a me quando affronterete il problema.

Un Livre Définitif Sur lÉvolution du Cerveau À Chaque Étape de la VieLe résumé incontournable de "We Are Our Brains: A Neurobiography of the Brain from the Womb to Alzheimers", par D. F. Swaab.Dans N

Everyone has some acquaintance with the animals that are grouped by naturalists under the name Crustacea. The edible Crabs, Lobsters, Prawns, and Shrimps, are at least superficially familiar, either as brought to the table or as displayed in the fishmongers, and the most unobservant of seaside visitors must have had his attention attracted by living specimens of some of the more obtrusive species, such as the common Shore Crab. Many, however, will be surprised to learn that the Barnacles coating the rocks on the seashore, the Sand-hoppers of the beach, and the Woodlice of our gardens, are members of the same class. Still less is it suspected, by those who have not given special attention to the subject, that the living species of the group number many thousands, presenting strange diversities of structure and habits, and playing important parts in the general economy of Nature.

When, more than six years ago, I was writing my Treatise of Cosmic Physics, I found myself confronted with great difficulties. The views then held would not explain many phenomena, and they failed in particular in cosmogonic problems. The radiation pressure of light, which had not, so far, been heeded, seemed to give me the key to the elucidation of many obscure problems, and I made a large use of this force in dealing with those phenomena in my treatise.The explanations which I tentatively offered could, of course, not claim to stand in all their detail; yet the scientific world received them with unusual interest and benevolence. Thus encouraged, I tried to solve more of the numerous important problems, and in the present volume I have added some further sections to the complex of explanatory arguments concerning the evolution of the Universe. The foundation to these explanations was laid in a memoir which I presented to the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm in 1900. The memoir was soon afterwards printed in the Physikalische Zeitschrift, and the subject was further developed in my Treatise of Cosmic Physics.

Geoffrey Chaucer, born in London most likely around 1340, was an English poet, author, philosopher, scientist, diplomat and politician. He has been called the father of English literature, or, alternatively, the father of English poetry, but he should be considered, in a broader sense, for the breadth of his interests and the richness of his works, the father of English Humanism.He is seen as crucial in legitimising the literary use of Middle English when the dominant literary languages in England were still Anglo-Norman French and Latin.Parallel to his activity as a prolific writer, he maintained a career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier, diplomat, comptroller of the customs for the port of London and member of parliament.Chaucers Treatise on the Astrolabe, addressed in 1391 to his ten old son Lowys, is considered the oldest work in English written upon an elaborate scientific instrument or the first example of technical writing in the English language. It describes the form and use of the astrolabe in detail and it indicates that Chaucer was versed in science in addition to his literary and philosophical talents.With a preface by Boris Yousef.

In "On Laboratory Arts," Richard Threlfall offers an intricate examination of the evolution of laboratory practices through a historical lens, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in scientific advancement. The book deftly intertwines personal anecdotes with rigorous analysis, employing a narrative style that is both accessible and intellectually stimulating. Threlfall explores the intersection of art and science, illustrating how the aesthetic dimensions of laboratory work can inform methodologies and foster innovation, while placing the discussion within the broader context of contemporary scientific discourse. Richard Threlfall, a distinguished scholar in the field of science studies, has dedicated much of his career to exploring the synergies between the arts and sciences. His background in both chemistry and philosophy provides a unique perspective that informs his writing. Threlfalls previous works have established him as a thought leader on the role of creativity in scientific inquiry, making him particularly well-equipped to tackle the complexities presented in "On Laboratory Arts." This book is a must-read for anyone interested in the multifaceted nature of scientific practice. Threlfalls insights will resonate with researchers, educators, and students alike, encouraging them to reconsider the traditional boundaries between the arts and sciences. Through this compelling argument, readers will discover a refreshing perspective on the vital role that creativity plays in laboratory work and scientific progress.

In "Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes," Charles Babbage delivers a cogent critique of the scientific milieu in 19th-century England. This work is marked by Babbages characteristic precision and analytical rigor, as he dissects the myriad factors contributing to the stagnation of scientific progress in his era. Through a blend of empirical observation and philosophical inquiry, Babbage illuminates the institutional, educational, and social barriers that hindered scientific inquiry, offering a prescient analysis of the interplay between science and society amidst the Industrial Revolutions unfolding complexities. As a mathematician, inventor, and early computer scientist, Babbage was acutely aware of the relationship between scientific advancement and societal development. His personal experiences in navigating the scientific community, coupled with his innovative endeavors in mechanical computation, provided a unique lens through which he evaluated the decline in scientific rigor. Babbages advocacy for systematic inquiry and his steadfast commitment to empirical research emerge as pivotal themes in these reflections, showcasing his foresight in recognizing the perils of neglecting scientific disciplines. Babbages insightful examination remains highly relevant, urging contemporary readers to consider the vital importance of fostering a robust scientific environment. This work is not only essential for scholars of the history of science but also serves as a call to action for current and future generations to prioritize and safeguard scientific inquiry, challenging them to confront the lingering issues that continue to affect scientific advancement today.

In "On the Method of Zadig," Thomas Henry Huxley presents a profound investigation into the nature of reasoning as it pertains to scientific inquiry and philosophical contemplation. This work, echoing the satirical narrative style of Voltaires own "Zadig," deftly explores the interplay between belief and empirical evidence, set against the backdrop of the 19th-century scientific revolution. Huxley employs a blend of logical analysis and narrative-driven discourse to challenge the prevailing dogmas of his time, consequently situating his argument within the broader context of the debate between science and religion, particularly in the wake of Darwinian theory. Huxley, often referred to as Darwins Bulldog for his defense of evolutionary theory, was deeply influenced by the upheaval of scientific thought during his lifetime. His commitment to empirical science and rational thought emerged from a rich academic background in biology and paleontology, alongside a fervent desire to reconceptualize humanitys understanding of morality and knowledge in a rapidly changing world. Huxleys own struggles with religious orthodoxy and the embrace of scientific skepticism shaped the compelling arguments laid out in this text. "On the Method of Zadig" is essential reading for anyone invested in the philosophical implications of scientific inquiry. Huxleys incisive critiques and eloquent prose invite readers to reconsider their preconceived notions of truth and evidence. This enlightening examination is not only relevant for scholars of science and philosophy but also for any curious mind seeking insight into the complexities of intellectual thought in the modern era.

In "Finger Prints," Francis Galton delves into the intricate world of fingerprint analysis, pioneering a field that would become foundational in forensic science. Published in 1892, the book combines meticulous scientific observation with engaging prose, reflecting the Victorian eras fascination with empiricism and human individuality. Galton presents a comprehensive classification system for fingerprints, establishing their uniqueness as a means of personal identification, and argues for their application in criminal investigations. His synthesis of statistical methods and biological principles embodies the emerging scientific approach of the time, making the text a critical contribution to both criminology and biometric studies. Francis Galton, a polymath and a cousin of Charles Darwin, was profoundly influenced by the scientific advancements of his era. His interests spanned a variety of fields, including psychology, anthropology, and eugenics. Galtons background in statistics enabled him to analyze and interpret data effectively, culminating in a work that expresses his fascination with heredity and human differences. This book emerges from his overarching aim to apply scientific rigor to social issues, a hallmark of his broader career. "Finger Prints" is a must-read for anyone interested in the intersection of science, law, and society. It invites readers to explore the evolution of forensic science while presenting Galtons visionary ideas that continue to resonate today. Whether you are a student of criminology, psychology, or history, this seminal work will enhance your understanding of the crucial role fingerprints play in the legal system, making it a vital addition to your library.

Saturno e il sesto pianeta del sistema solare in ordine di distanza dal Sole e il secondo pianeta piu massiccio dopo Giove. Ha un raggio medio 9,48 volte quello della Terra e una massa 95 volte superiore a quella terrestre. Saturno, con Giove, Urano e Nettuno, e classificato come gigante gassoso. Il nome deriva dallomonimo dio della mitologia romana, omologo del titano greco Crono. Il suo simbolo astronomico (?Saturn symbol.svg) e una rappresentazione stilizzata della falce del dio dellagricoltura. Saturno e composto per il 95% da idrogeno e per il 3% da elio a cui seguono gli altri elementi. Il nucleo, consistente in silicati e ghiacci, e circondato da uno spesso strato di idrogeno metallico e quindi da uno strato esterno gassoso. I venti nellatmosfera di Saturno possono raggiungere i 1800 km/h, risultando significativamente piu veloci di quelli su Giove e leggermente meno veloci di quelli che spirano nellatmosfera di Nettuno. Saturno ha un esteso e vistoso sistema di anelli che consistono principalmente in particelle di ghiaccio e polveri di silicati. Con le sue 82 lune conosciute, Saturno detiene il primato per il maggior numero di satelliti del sistema solare. Tra queste, Titano e la maggiore ed anche lunica luna del sistema solare ad avere unatmosfera significativa.I mini-ebook di Passerino Editore sono guide agili, essenziali e complete, per orientarsi nella storia del mondo.A cura di Antonio Ferraiuolo.

In "Novum Organum; Or, True Suggestions for the Interpretation of Nature," Francis Bacon embarks on a transformative journey, championing the empirical method and laying the groundwork for modern scientific inquiry. This seminal work critiques traditional Aristotelian philosophy, advocating instead for a systematic approach to experimentation and observation. Bacons literary style is incisive and pragmatic, infused with a sense of urgency for intellectual progressan urgency that reflects the early 17th-century milieu marked by the Scientific Revolution. Through his innovative syllogisms and the dedication to challenging dogma, Bacon seeks to reconstruct the foundations of knowledge, emphasizing the necessity of inductive reasoning over deductive logic. Francis Bacon, often heralded as the father of empiricism, was deeply influenced by his experiences in a rapidly evolving intellectual landscape. A distinguished philosopher and statesman, Bacons political career and his broad interests in sciences and humanities shaped his outlook on the pursuit of knowledge. His encounters with various disciplines fueled his conviction that the natural world could be understood through careful observation and methodical experimentation, leading him to pen this pivotal work that straddles philosophy and scientific thought. "Novum Organum" is indispensable for anyone interested in the history of science, philosophy, or the evolution of human thought. Bacons assertions resonate with contemporary readers, urging them to question established truths and embrace curiosity. This book not only serves as a historical document but also as a powerful call to action for modern intellectuals seeking to understand the complexities of nature.

In "History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science," John William Draper constructs a compelling narrative that meticulously examines the historical tensions between religious doctrines and scientific advancements. Drapers scholarly prose weaves together an analysis of critical moments in history, from the trials of Galileo to the more contemporary debates over evolution, employing a vigorous dialectical style that effectively engages with both historical events and philosophical implications. Rooted in the burgeoning context of the scientific revolution and the Enlightenment, Draper argues for the necessity of separating empirical inquiry from dogmatic belief, illustrating how science has often been at odds with established religious views. John William Draper, an accomplished scientist and historian, was deeply influenced by the tumultuous intellectual atmosphere of the 19th century, a period marked by rapid scientific discoveries and evolving religious paradigms. His background in chemistry and his role at the forefront of scientific inquiry inspired him to explore the complex relationship between faith and reason. Drapers work not only reflects his commitment to rationalism but also highlights the broader Victorian struggle to reconcile these two pivotal aspects of human thought. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in the historical interplay between science and religion. Drapers incisive analysis invites readers to reflect on timeless questions of belief, doubt, and the pursuit of knowledge. It serves as a crucial reminder of the importance of skepticism and inquiry in a world that often oscillates between faith and empiricism.

Em "O humano na pesquisa (auto)biográfica: diversidade de contextos e experiências" encontramos troca e conexão entre pesquisadores, para além da divulgação de suas pesquisas, encontramos diálogos co

Il Reno (in tedesco Rhein; in alemanno Rhy; in romancio Rein; in francese Rhin; in olandese Rijn), con 1326 km e uno dei fiumi piu lunghi dEuropa. Il suo nome deriva da una radice celtica, ma ancor prima indoeuropea, che significa "scorrere". Lorigine indoeuropea del termine trova conferma nel greco antico, in cui il verbo ?? (traslitterato rhe?) ha proprio il suddetto significato. Assieme al Danubio, il Reno formava la maggior parte del confine settentrionale dellImpero romano ed e stato, fin da quei tempi, un vitale corso dacqua navigabile, usato per il commercio ed il trasporto delle merci fin nel cuore del continente. Fra le citta piu importanti sul Reno si trovano Basilea, Strasburgo, Colonia, Dusseldorf e Rotterdam.I mini-ebook di Passerino Editore sono guide agili, essenziali e complete, per orientarsi nella storia del mondo.A cura di Antonio Ferraiuolo.

La renna (Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758)), nota anche come caribu in America del Nord, e un cervide delle regioni artiche e subartiche, con popolazioni sia stanziali sia migratrici; e lunica specie del genere Rangifer (C.H. Smith, 1827). Sebbene nel complesso sia piuttosto diffusa e numerosa, alcune delle sue sottospecie sono rare e una di esse si e gia estinta. Le renne variano considerevolmente per colore e dimensione. I palchi sono presenti in entrambi i sessi, sebbene nei maschi siano generalmente piu grandi. Esistono comunque anche delle popolazioni in cui le femmine sono completamente prive di palchi.La caccia alle renne selvatiche e lallevamento di renne semi-domestiche (per la carne, il cuoio, i palchi, il latte e i trasporti) costituiscono attivita molto importanti per alcune popolazioni artiche e subartiche. Perfino in zone lontane dal suo areale, la renna e ben conosciuta grazie alla tradizione, probabilmente originatasi nellAmerica degli inizi del XIX secolo, secondo la quale delle renne volanti trainerebbero la slitta di Babbo Natale, ormai divenuta da secoli uno dei tradizionali elementi natalizi. In Lapponia, le renne vengono ancora impiegate per trainare i pulk, le tradizionali slitte scandinave.I mini-ebook di Passerino Editore sono guide agili, essenziali e complete, per orientarsi nella storia del mondo.A cura di Antonio Ferraiuolo.

In Micrographia, Robert Hooke embarks on a groundbreaking exploration of the microscopic world, unveiling the previously invisible intricacies of nature through meticulous observation and detailed illustrations. This seminal work, published in 1665, represents a significant shift in scientific inquiry, paralleling the rise of the scientific revolution. Hookes prose weaves together eloquent description with empirical observation, providing a vivid account of his experiments that range from the structure of a flea to the intricate patterns of a corks cellular structure. His innovative use of the microscope not only revolutionizes biology but also sets a precedent for the visual representation of scientific findings. Robert Hooke, an esteemed polymath and member of the Royal Society, was deeply influenced by the intellectual currents of his time, particularly the emphasis on observation as a means of knowledge. His background in physics, architecture, and natural history equipped him with a unique perspective that allowed him to interpret his observations in innovative ways. Hookes collaborative nature and friendship with contemporaries like Sir Isaac Newton positioned him at the forefront of scientific discourse, driving his desire to share the wonders he unearthed through his lens. *****Micrographia***** is indispensable for anyone seeking to understand the origins of modern microscopy and its implications on life sciences. This work not only provokes a sense of wonder about the natural world but also encourages a deeper appreciation for the intricate details that define our universe. Reading Hookes text will enrich your understanding of both historical scientific methods and the profound nature of inquiry.

Despite the current technological advancement, agriculture being a vital source of livelihood, was essentially dependent on weather and climate, and is adversely affected by the weather and climate related extreme events. Over the past few decades, extreme events such as droughts, floods, storms, tropical cyclones and forest fires have destroyed economic and social infrastructure and at the same time endangered food security. The agricultural sector is affected through the impact on water resources, damage to crops, rangelands and forests due to incidence of droughts, locust plagues and wilde and fires. Given the current recognition of the importance of preparedness to cope with risks and uncertainties associated with climate extremes, it is important to develop suitable and sustainable strategies to alleviate the impact of natural disasters on crop productivity. Improved forecast accuracy and more focused information on the location, intensity and duration of climate extremes could underpin efforts to implement more effective risk management strategies. It is crucial that governments exercise their sovereign responsibility to prepare and issue early warnings of extreme events in a timely and effective manner to reduce their impact on agricultural production. While natural hazards may not be avoided, integration of risk assessment and early warnings, prevention and mitigation measures including community capacity building and livelihood strategies, can prevent them from becoming disasters. There is also a need to develop locally agrometeorological adaptation strategies to reduce the effect of natural disasters especially in vulnerable regions where food and fibre production is most sensitive and vulnerable to climatic fluctuations. This proposed book based on state of the art knowledge on the science and application of agricultural meteorology needed to better cope with extreme climate events, should be of interest to all organizations and agencies engaged in planning disaster reduction strategies and management for prevention and mitigation of extreme events. The publication will also be of equal interest to the agrometeorologists of the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services of the countries throughout the globe as well as to the agricultural planners, meteorologists associated with public weather services, forest fire forecasters, and the various departments of governments concerned with agriculture and food production.Contents:1. Agrometeorology in Extreme Events and Natural Disasters An Overview2. Drought and Desertification3. Irrigation Scheduling to Combat Moisture Deficit in Plants4. Heavy Rains, Floods, Hail and Snow and their Impact on Agriculture5. Tropical Cyclones, Storm Surges, Thunderstorms, Tornadoes and Squalls: Implications for Agriculture6. Agrometeorology Related to Extreme Temperatures, Heat Waves and Frost7. Wind Storms and Sand/Dust Storms and their Effect on Environment and Plants8. Forest- and Bush-Fire and their Impact on the Environment9. Pests and Diseases of Crops and Livestock10. Environmental and Agricultural Implications of Earthquakes, Tsunamis and Volcanic Eruptions11. Community Capacity Building and Livelihood Strategies in Disaster Management and Mitigation of Adverse Impacts on Agricultural Sector12. Role of Agricultural Chemicals on Soil, Water and Air Pollution and their Effects on Plants, Livestock and Aquatic Systems13. Climate Change, Extreme Events and Change in Cry...

Pharmaceutical biochemistry is a much-awaited book in the field of Pharmacy. Targeted mainly to B. Pharmacy & Pharm-D students, this book will also be useful for medical, dental, nursing, and other paramedical students. The main objective of this book is to attract undergraduate pharmacy students and make them understand the basic biochemical process which can be applied in Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology. Thus, the book is aimed to eliminate the inadequacy in teaching and learning Pharmaceutical Biochemistry by providing detailed information about the biomolecules and their metabolic process.Salient Features: · As per the PCI revised syllabus the coverage is complete with the basics as well as 2nd semester B. Pharm and 1st-year Pharm-D portion. · The content of this book is innovative and presented in 12 chapters with a simple and uniform pattern of explanation along with all biochemical reactions. · To make the learning comfortable and magnetize attention we have used well-labeled diagrams, illustrations, flow charts, simplified and schematic represented biomolecule classification. We have also provided metabolic pathways in an easy-to-understand manner highlighted with chemical structure, type of reaction, energy, and inhibitors, and a detailed and simplified explanation of all biochemical reactions. · Highlighted structural changes in each and every step of biochemical reaction and Metabolic pathway illustration without structure also included for easy revision. · Easy remembrance of enzyme name from the reason behind the naming. · Student-friendly schematic representation of principles for biochemical tests and flow chart representation of a procedure for biochemical tests.Contents:Part I: Basic Biochemistry1. Introduction to Biochemistry2. EnzymesPart II: Biomolecules & its metabolism3. Carbohydrates & Its Metabolism4. Lipids & Its Metabolism5. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism6. Nucleic Acid & Its MetabolismPart III: Clinical Biochemistry7. Introduction to Clinical Chemistry8. Kidney Function Tests or Renal Function Tests9. Liver Function Test10. Lipid Profile Tests11. Immunochemical Techniques12. Water, Electrolytes and Acid-base Balance