Adam Smith

Considerado fundador de la ciencia económica por "La riqueza de las naciones", el escocés Adam Smith (1723-1790) no sólo puso con esta obra los cimientos de una ciencia, sino también de una doctrina: el liberalismo economico. La idea de que la riqueza proviene del trabajo (y no del oro ni de la plata), siendo susceptible de aumentar con una adecuada regulacion del funcionamiento del mercado; la nocion de la competencia como mecanismo limitador de la sed de beneficios y fomentador del bien comun, y el deseo de un Estado fuerte, aunque no grande, que garantice la libertad, la propiedad y el funcionamiento de la "mano invisible" que armoniza los intereses de la persona y de la comunidad, son, en efecto, su perdurable aportacion al mundo que se habia de desarrollar en los siglos siguientes.Considerado fundador de la ciencia económica por "La riqueza de las naciones", el escocés Adam Smith (1723-1790) no sólo puso con esta obra los cimientos de una ciencia, sino también de una doctrina: el liberalismo economico. La idea de que la riqueza proviene del trabajo (y no del oro ni de la plata), siendo susceptible de aumentar con una adecuada regulacion del funcionamiento del mercado; la nocion de la competencia como mecanismo limitador de la sed de beneficios y fomentador del bien comun, y el deseo de un Estado fuerte, aunque no grande, que garantice la libertad, la propiedad y el funcionamiento de la "mano invisible" que armoniza los intereses de la persona y de la comunidad, son, en efecto, su perdurable aportacion al mundo que se habia de desarrollar en los siglos siguientes.

The foundation for all modern economic thought and political economy, "The Wealth of Nations" is the magnum opus of Scottish economist Adam Smith, who introduces the world to the very idea of economics and capitalism in the modern sense of the words. Smith details his argument in the following five books: Introduction and plan of the workPart 1 Of the Causes of Improvement in the productive Powers of Labour, and of the Order according to which its Produce is naturally distributed among the different Ranks of the PeopleChapter 1 Of the Division of LabourChapter 2 Of the Principle which gives Occasion to the Division of LabourChapter 3 That the Division of Labour is limited by the Extent of the MarketChapter 4 Of the Origin and Use of MoneyChapter 5 Of the real and nominal Price of Commodities, or of their Price in Labour, and their Price in MoneyChapter 6 Of the component Parts of the Price of CommoditiesChapter 7 Of the natural and market Price of CommoditiesChapter 8 Of the Wages of LabourChapter 9 Of the Profits of StockChapter 10 Of Wages and Profit in the different Employments of Labour and StockChapter 11 Of the Rent of Land1. First Period2. Second Period3. Third Period4. First Sort5. Second Sort6. Third Sort7. Conclusion of the chapterPart 2 Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of StockChapter 1 Of the Division of StockChapter 2 Of Money considered as a particular Branch of the general Stock of the Society, or of the Experience of maintaining the National CapitalChapter 3 Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of productive and unproductive LabourChapter 4 Of Stock lent at InterestChapter 5 Of the different Employment of CapitalsPart 3 Of the different Progress of Opulence in different NationsChapter 1 Of the Natural Progress of OpulenceChapter 2 Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the ancient State of Europe after the Fall of the Roman EmpireChapter 3 Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, after the Fall of the Roman EmpireChapter 4 How the Commerce of the Towns contributed to the Improvement of the CountryPart 4 Of Systems of political EconomyChapter 1 Of the Principle of the commercial, or mercantile SystemChapter 2 Of Restraints upon the Importation from foreign Countries of such Goods as can be produced at HomeChapter 3 Of the extraordinary Restraints upon the Importation of Goods of almost all Kinds, from those Countries with which the Balance is supposed to be disadvantageous1. Of the Unreasonableness of those Restraints even upon the Principles of the Commercial System2. Of the Unreasonableness of those extraordinary Restraints upon other PrinciplesChapter 4 Of DrawbacksChapter 5 Of BountiesChapter 6 Of Treaties of CommerceChapter 7 Of Colonies1. Of the Motives for establishing new Colonies2. Causes of Prosperity of New Colonies3. Of the Advantages which Europe has derived from the Discovery of America, and from that of a Passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good HopeChapter 8 Conclusion of the Mercantile SystemChapter 9 Of the Agricultural Systems, or of those Systems of Political Economy, which represent the Produce of Land, as either the sole or the principal Source of the Revenue and Wealth of every CountryPart 5 Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth Chapter 1 Of the Expences of the Sovereign or Commonwealth1. Of the Expense of Defence2. Of the Expense of Justice3. Of the Expense of Public Works and Public Institutions4. Of the Expense of Supporting the Dignity of the Sovereign5. ConclusionChapter 2 Of the Sources of the general or public Revenue of the Society1. Of the Funds or Sources of Revenue which may peculiarly belong to the Sovereign or Commonwealth2. Of TaxesChapter 3 Of public DebtsAUDIO BOOK

Una investigación sobre la naturaleza y causas de la riqueza de las naciones (título original en inglés: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations), o sencillamente La riqueza de las naciones, es la obra mas celebre de Adam Smith. Publicado en el 9 de marzo de 1776, es considerado el primer libro moderno de economia.Smith expone su analisis sobre el origen de la prosperidad de paises como Inglaterra o los Paises Bajos. Desarrolla teorias economicas sobre la division del trabajo, el mercado, la moneda, la naturaleza de la riqueza, el precio de las mercancias en trabajo, los salarios, los beneficios y la acumulacion del capital. Examina diferentes sistemas de economia politica, en particular, el mercantilismo y la fisiocracia; asimismo, desarrolla la idea de un orden natural. Este "sistema de libertad natural", como lo llama Smith, es el resultado del libre ejercicio del interes individual que beneficia exitosamente sin proponerselo al bien comun en la solucion de problemas y satisfaccion de necesidades por medio de la libre empresa, de la libre competencia y del libre comercio.La riqueza de las naciones es hoy una de las obras mas importantes de la disciplina economica y, para Amartya Sen, "el libro mas grande jamas escrito sobre la vida economica". Se trata del documento fundador de la economia clasica y, sin duda, del liberalismo economico.

Adam Smiths masterpiece, first published in 1776, is the foundation of modern economic thought and remains the single most important account of the rise of, and the principles behind, modern capitalism. Written in clear and incisive prose, The Wealth of Nations articulates the concepts indispensable to an understanding of contemporary society.

Una investigación sobre la naturaleza y causas de la riqueza de las naciones (título original en inglés: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations), o sencillamente La riqueza de las naciones, es la obra mas celebre de Adam Smith. Publicado en 1776, es considerado el primer libro moderno de economia.

The Wealth of Nations is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith. First published in 1776, the book offers one of the worlds first collected descriptions of what builds nations wealth, and is today a fundamental work in classical economics. By reflecting upon the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the book touches upon such broad topics as the division of labour, productivity, and free markets. An important theme that persists throughout the work is the idea that the economic system is automatic, and, when left with substantial freedom, able to regulate itself. This is often referred to as the "invisible hand." The ability to self-regulate and to ensure maximum efficiency, however, is limited by externalities, monopolies, tax preferences, lobbying groups, and other "privileges" extended to certain members of the economy at the expense of others. The Wealth of Nations was published 9 March 1776, during the Scottish Enlightenment and the Scottish Agricultural Revolution. It influenced a number of authors and economists, as well as governments and organizations. For example, Alexander Hamilton was influenced in part by The Wealth of Nations to write his Report on Manufactures, in which he argued against many of Smiths policies. Interestingly, Hamilton based much of this report on the ideas of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, and it was, in part, Colberts ideas that Smith responded to with The Wealth of Nations. The Wealth of Nations was the product of seventeen years of notes, an observation of conversation among economists of the time concerning economic and societal conditions during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, and took Smith ten years to produce.

Che cose la ricchezza? Che cosa determina le sorti economiche di un individuo, di unimpresa, di una nazione?Molte delle risposte formulate negli ultimi duecento anni, anche quelle tra loro piu lontane e confliggenti, sono state espressione di scuole di pensiero scaturite in un modo o nellaltro dalla Ricchezza delle Nazioni.Testo fondante delleconomia politica moderna, intesa come scienza dellanalisi dei fatti economici via via piu formalizzata e autonoma rispetto ai sistemi filosofici -, il capolavoro di Adam Smith e anche considerato alla base del liberismo moderno, lideologia che considera il mercato come unico efficiente meccanismo di allocazione delle risorse, motore naturale delleconomia e garanzia del suo benessere.Smith, osservatore attento della Rivoluzione industriale, che stava prendendo piede in Gran Bretagna nella seconda meta del Settecento, e il primo e piu importante interprete delle forze che in essa si dispiegano; dal loro studio, egli ricava gli elementi fondamentali di una teoria economica capace di interpretare il nascente capitalismo; elementi che verranno mutuati, criticati, rielaborati da tutti i modelli proposti nei secoli successivi per spiegare leconomia, le scelte politiche, la societa.

La Teoría de los sentimientos morales, aparecida en 1759, es la primera obra publicada por el filósofo y economista escocés Adam Smith (1723 - 1790) y la que le dio la fama entre los círculos ilustrados europeos. Constituye una brillante aportación a la polémica contemporánea acerca del origen de los juicios morales y es sin duda la obra más trabajada y reelaborada de su autor. Su punto de partida está constituido por la afirmación de que los juicios morales no son un producto de la razón, lo cual no impide que su funcionamiento pueda ser comprendido por ésta. Por eso la obra pretende explicar la moral no como nada eterno ni natural que preceda a la sociedad, sino como algo construido en la interacción humana y dependiente de las circunstancias sociales. Aunque muchas veces leída sólo para ser comparada con su hermana más conocida, Investigación sobre la naturaleza y causas de la riqueza de las naciones (1776), Teoría de los sentimientos morales tiene un valor autónomo en tanto ejercicio pionero en una comprensión no naturalista del deber.

Kensho and Thurma are worlds apart and their hopes of being reunited begin to dim. Alongside her rival, Nita, Thurma studies under the tutelage of the legendary Fireling elder known simply as The Fire That Stays. As the two prospective queens compete against one another, their teacher reveals new abilities of the Firelings with dark and powerful potential that could change the throne forever.In Thra, Kensho's quest takes him to a place of wonder long forgotten...the Valley of the Mystics. There, alongside his companions, Kensho will need to face his past and the future he so desperately flees. Written by Adam Smith (Long Walk to Valhalla) and gorgeously illustrated by Alexandria Huntington, Beneath the Dark Crystal Volume Two continues Kensho and Thurma's quests as the fate of two worlds hang in the balance.

Esta obra, publicada originalmente a principios de los años treinta, es el principal referente del período neoclásico de Gunnar Myrdal y una de sus más destacadas aportaciones a la Escuela de Estocolmo. Gunnar Myrdal, desde el nucleo de la teoria monetaria wickselliana, rivalizo con destacados economistas en los mas importantes debates sobre propuestas teoricas para hacer frente a la situacion economica de la decada de los treinta. En opinion del profesor Shackle, de no haber sido escrita la General Theory de Keynes, el Equilibrio monetario ¿habria servido muy bien como plataforma para una teoria general del output y el empleo¿. Por primera vez en una obra de teoria economica, se distingue, en este libro, entre el analisis ex ante y ex post, lo cual permitio al autor introducir la influencia de las expectativas de los agentes sobre sus decisiones economicas corrientes, cuestion clave en el desarrollo posterior de los modelos economicos.