eBooks de Filosofía antigua, página 26 de 30

The Golden Sayings of Epictetus is a modern selection from the writings of Epictetus, compiled and translated by Hastings Crossley. It contains more than 180 sayings of Epictetus on various topics. Epictetus was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He taught that philosophy is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline. To Epictetus, all external events are beyond our control and we should accept calmly and dispassionately whatever happens.

Ciceros religious belief, so far as we can gather it, was rather negative than positive. In the speculative treatise On the Nature of the Gods, he examines all the current creeds of the day, but leaves his own quite undefined. The treatise takes the form of an imaginary conversation. This is supposed to have taken place at the house of Aurelius Cotta, then Pontifex Maximusan office which answered nearly to that of Minister of religion. The other speakers are Balbus, Velleius, and Cicero himself, who acts, however, rather in the character of moderator than of disputant. The debate is still, as in the more strictly philosophical dialogues, between the different schools.

Ciceros comprehensive treatise on the Commonwealth known as De Republica is a work whose direct and practical purpose was to arouse Roman citizens to the dangers which then threatened destruction to the liberties of their country. In appealing to his countrymen "to rise on stepping-stones of their dead selves to higher things," the inspired patriot did not hesitate to promise that all patriotic and philanthropic statesmen should not only be rewarded on earth by the approval of their own consciences and the applause of all good citizens, but by immortal glory in a realm beyond the grave.

Cicero, a Roman statesman, lawyer, political theorist, philosopher, and Roman constitutionalist, played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Even today he has a major influence on Western philosophy, politics and literature. This book contains four of his ethical writings, namely On Moral Duties (De Officiis), On Old Age (De Senectute), On Friendship (De Amicitia) and Scipios Dream.

Among the numerous faults of those who pass their lives recklessly and without due reflexion, my good friend Liberalis, I should say that there is hardly any one so hurtful to society as this, that we neither know how to bestow or how to receive a benefit. It follows from this that benefits are badly invested, and become bad debts: in these cases it is too late to complain of their not being returned, for they were thrown away when we bestowed them. Nor need we wonder that while the greatest vices are common, none is more common than ingratitude: for this I see is brought about by various causes. The first of these is, that we do not choose worthy persons upon whom to bestow our bounty, but although when we are about to lend money we first make a careful enquiry into the means and habits of life of our debtor, and avoid sowing seed in a worn-out or unfruitful soil, yet without any discrimination we scatter our benefits at random rather than bestow them. It is hard to say whether it is more dishonourable for the receiver to disown a benefit, or for the giver to demand a return of it: for a benefit is a loan, the repayment of which depends merely upon the good feeling of the debtor. To misuse a benefit like a spendthrift is most shameful, because we do not need our wealth but only our intention to set us free from the obligation of it; for a benefit is repaid by being acknowledged...

ConfuciusThe Great Learning & The Commentary by Tsang is an essential text in the field of Confucian philosophy, offering a profound exploration of the moral teachings and ethical principles central to Confucianism. The book provides a detailed guide on how to achieve personal and social harmony through self-cultivation and adherence to the principles of benevolence, righteousness, and wisdom. This classic work is written in a concise yet deeply insightful manner, making it accessible to readers seeking to delve into the teachings of Confucius. The inclusion of Tsangs commentary further enhances the readers understanding of the text, providing valuable insight into the historical context and interpretation of Confucian teachings. Confucius, a revered philosopher and educator in ancient China, was deeply concerned with the moral development of individuals and the well-being of society. His emphasis on self-improvement and ethical behavior continues to resonate in contemporary society, making his teachings relevant and timeless. Through The Great Learning & The Commentary by Tsang, readers can gain a profound understanding of Confucian ethics and principles, uncovering valuable lessons that can guide personal growth and moral development. I highly recommend The Great Learning & The Commentary by Tsang to readers interested in exploring the ethical teachings of Confucius and delving into the philosophical foundations of Confucianism. This book serves as an invaluable resource for anyone seeking to cultivate moral virtue, enhance personal relationships, and contribute to the betterment of society.

Platos The Complete Works of Plato is a comprehensive collection of the timeless philosophical dialogues that have had a profound influence on Western thought. Written in the form of dialogues between Socrates and other prominent figures of ancient Greece, Platos works explore a wide range of philosophical topics including ethics, politics, metaphysics, and epistemology. The dialogues exhibit a captivating blend of logical reasoning, rhetorical skill, and moral insight, making them essential reading for anyone interested in philosophy. The literary style of Platos works is characterized by its clarity, richness, and intellectual depth, setting the standard for philosophical writing in the Western tradition. The enduring relevance of Platos ideas can be seen in their continued influence on contemporary philosophy and ethics. The Complete Works of Plato offers readers a unique opportunity to engage with the foundational texts of Western philosophy and deepen their understanding of the intellectual heritage of the ancient world.

Immanuel Kants Kants Three Critiques delves into the philosophical ideas and criticisms presented in his groundbreaking works: Critique of Pure Reason,Critique of Practical Reason, and Critique of Judgment. Kants examination of subjects such as metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics are expounded upon in a clear and rational manner, making his complex ideas accessible to readers interested in understanding the fundamentals of his philosophy. His analytical approach and logical arguments are a hallmark of his writing, reflecting the Enlightenment era in which he lived and worked. Immanuel Kant, a prominent figure in modern philosophy, was motivated by the desire to reconcile rationalism and empiricism, leading to his development of the concept of transcendental idealism. His critique of metaphysical and ethical systems influenced generations of thinkers and continues to shape contemporary philosophical discourse. I highly recommend Kants Three Critiques to anyone seeking a comprehensive understanding of Kants philosophical theories and their implications on the fields of epistemology and ethics. This book serves as a valuable resource for students, scholars, and enthusiasts of philosophy who wish to engage with the ideas of one of historys most influential philosophers.

This collection contains the following works by Plato:Early WorksApologyCharmides, or TemperanceCritoEuthyphroGorgiasHippias, LesserHippias, GreaterIonLachesLysisProtagorasTransitional WorksCratylusEuthydemusMenoParmenidesPhaedoPhaedrusSymposiumThe RepublicMiddle WorksTheaetetusLate WorksCritiasLawsPhilebusSophistStatesmanTimaeusWorks of Disputed AuthorshipAlcibiades I & IIEryxiasMenexenusTheages

Plato was a philosopher in Ancient Greece. He was an essential figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition, and he founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Platos dialogues have been used (and are still used) to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His lasting themes include Platonic love, the theory of forms, the five regimes, innate knowledge, among others. His theory of forms launched a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism.This collection contains the following works by Plato:Early WorksApologyCharmides, or TemperanceCritoEuthyphroGorgiasHippias, LesserHippias, GreaterIonLachesLysisProtagorasTransitional WorksCratylusEuthydemusMenoParmenidesPhaedoPhaedrusSymposiumThe RepublicMiddle WorksTheaetetusLate WorksCritiasLawsPhilebusSophistStatesmanTimaeus

Interesting fictional story based on true journey made by writer, who used to visit all states and cities mentioned in his story. This fine story is going to let you to identify yourself with the main characters, staying emotionally involved, offering you a chance to join the deadly mission of young handsome agent who is on the hunt, trying to save kidnapped pole dancer, which is one beautiful and exceptional woman ... Melanie! Staying on the begining of his career agent Jesse Jess - Double J, started to build his own mode of action, creating authentic style that will bring him to the stars. Having already some very own habbits like drinking his favorite Harvey Wallbanger cocktail, he wins his readers with his manners, his honesty and sincerity, his humanity and intellect and after all with his very own way of acting. Very estimate readers ... take the bull by the horns sailing across excited Mediterranean together with Jesse Jess being a part of his race against time ... a few days is not much time, but every second was of vital importance for kiddnaped Melanie ...! Happy sailing ...

The Laws is Platos last and longest dialogue. The conversation depicted in the works twelve books begins with the question of who is given the credit for establishing a civilizations laws. Its musings on the ethics of government and law have established it as a classic of political philosophy alongside Platos more widely read Republic.Scholars generally agree that Plato wrote this dialogue as an older man, having failed in his effort in Syracuse on the island of Sicily to guide a tyrants rule, instead having been thrown in prison. These events are alluded to in the Seventh Letter. The text is noteworthy as Platos only undisputed dialogue not to feature Socrates.

De natura deorum expone los fundamentos teológicos de las tres grandes escuelas filosóficas del tiempo de Cicerón: epicúrea, estoica y académica escéptica. El autor se inclina por la doctrina estoica de una providencia divina universal.Marco Tulio Ciceron escribio hacia el final de su vida, entre el 45 y el 44 a.C., una docena larga de tratados de contenido filosofico. Con esta actividad, que le procuro alivio en una epoca de gran angustia personal, realizo un proposito albergado durante largo tiempo: crear un corpus filosofico extenso en latin dotado de calidad literaria, segun su ideal de combinar sapientia y eloquentia, pues creia que la pragmatica sociedad romana necesitaba pulir un tanto su espiritu con cierta dosis de reflexion sistematica. La tarea era ardua, puesto que el latin carecia de una tradicion literaria filosofica y era todavia rudo para la expresion de contenidos abstractos.Sobre la naturaleza de los dioses (De natura deorum) forma parte de este grupo de tratados (como Disputaciones tusculanas y Sobre la adivinacion, tambien publicadas en Biblioteca Clasica Gredos). Junto con esta ultima y con De fato forma la llamada "teologia" de Ciceron. En ella compone el autor una pequeña enciclopedia del pensamiento filosofico y religioso de la Antiguedad, pero no con la asepsia del mero anticuario, sino como estudioso vivamente interesado en la materia y en su proyeccion social y politica, en una epoca en que los romanos ya experimentaban desapego e indiferencia hacia la religion tradicional que tanta fuerza habia conferido al Estado. La obra se situa en Roma hacia el 76 a.C. y consiste en la sucesion de cuatro monologos extensos de un epicureo, un estoico y un academico esceptico, este por dos veces, donde se pasa revista, con cierto talante polemico, a las diversas concepciones sobre lo divino y su relacion con lo humano, desde la perspectiva de las distintas escuelas filosoficas. Ciceron se pronuncia personalmente, al final de la obra, a favor de las tesis estoicas sobre una providencia divina que rige el devenir, de un universo identificado con la divinidad.

Tres tratados (uno de ellos, adaptación del diálogo platónico homónimo) sobre la capacidad de entrever acontecimientos futuros, en los que Cicerón se muestra muy racionalista y escéptico.Componen este volumen tres obras cuyo tema es la capacidad de los hombres para conocer lo que les depara la suerte o (caso de existir) el destino. El dialogo Sobre la adivinacion, publicado en el 44 a.C., trata de las doctrinas estoicas acerca del destino y la posibilidad de predecirlo. El dialogo, mantenido en la villa que Ciceron poseia en Tusculo, tiene como interlocutores a su hermano Quinto y a el mismo (Marco). El primero, que se muestra muy familiarizado con las concepciones estoicas, sostiene la validez de algunas formas de adivinacion, y opina que por prudencia debe mantenerse la adivinacion de asuntos de estado. Marco replica que el futuro puede obedecer al azar (en cuyo caso no puede conocerse de antemano) o esta predeterminado (y entonces de nada sirve conocerlo, puesto que no se puede modificar). De divinatione trata de combatir un creciente interes por la profecia religiosa y termina con un elocuente ataque a la supersticion, que se describe como "extendiendose por todo el mundo, oprimiendo la mente de casi todos y aprovechandose de la debilidad humana". En este tratado, pues, la religion no esta mas libre que cualquier otro asunto de la practica academica de oir a todas las partes, y se llega a demoler las supersticiones que habian recibido un trato respetuoso en Las leyes.Sobre el destino, del año 44 a.C., conservado solo en parte, analiza si las acciones humanas estan predeterminadas o no, y se opone al fatalismo estoico con varios argumentos que indican una prolongada reflexion sobre la materia. Completa este volumen la parte conservada de la adaptacion que Ciceron hizo del Timeo platonico, en el que el filosofo pitagorico que da nombre al dialogo trata de la creacion del universo por un dios creador o demiurgo bueno.

Estos dos tratados, de autoría dudosa, inauguran una línea de estudios sobre la expresión del carácter y las emociones en los rasgos anatómicos que influiría en la crítica de arte hasta el Renacimiento.Este estudio de la expresion del caracter y las emociones en los rasgos anatomicos se ha atribuido a Aristoteles, aunque tal autoria es dudosa. En todo caso, pone de manifiesto la admiracion hacia el saber enciclopedico del filosofo de Estagira y de la escuela peripatetica, puesto que este tratado inaugura una linea de estudios que tuvo gran influencia en la composicion y la recepcion del arte hasta bien entrado el Renacimiento.

The Constitution of Athens is a thorough description of the political system of that ancient state. The treatise was composed between 330 and 322 BC and consists of two parts. The first part deals with the different forms of the constitution, the second part describes the citys institutions, including the terms of access to citizenship, magistrates and the courts.

Politics is Aristotles most known work on political philosophy. The treatise is the logical sequel to the Nicomachean Ethics, as both works deal with the "philosophy of human affairs." The whole treatise consists of eight books and chapters about constitutions, democracy, oligarchy, citizenships, states and political theories.

The Nicomachean Ethics is Aristotles best-known work on this subject. It consists of ten books and is based on notes from his lectures at the Lyceum. The theme of the work is the Socratic question of how men should best live. Before Socrates, philosophy was merely theoretical. This changed dramatically with Aristotles works, which bind philosophy to human issues. The Nicomachean Ethics are therefore practical rather than theoretical, in the original Aristotelian senses of these terms. This edition is annotated with more than 250 notes.

The Organon is another name for the standard collection of Aristotles six works on logic. They still belong to the most significant works on this subject and were highly influential throughout history for many philosophical tendencies, especially the Scholastics. This edition contains all six works. Contents: Categories On Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics Sophistical Refutations

"Introducing Aristotle" guides the reader through an explosion of theories, from the establishment of systematic logic to the earliest rules of science. Aristotles authority extended beyond his own lifetime to influence fundamentally Islamic philosophy and medieval scholasticism. For fifteen centuries, he remained the paradigm of knowledge itself. But can Aristotelian realism still be used to underpin our conception of the world today?